Operators and expressions (arithmetic, logical, bitwise)

Here’s a code example that demonstrates the different types of operators and expressions in C: arithmetic, logical, and bitwise. This example performs various operations on two integers and displays the results.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 12, b = 5;
    int arithmeticResult, bitwiseResult;
    int logicalResult;
    
    // Arithmetic operators
    arithmeticResult = a + b;     // Addition
    printf("Addition: %d + %d = %d\n", a, b, arithmeticResult);

    arithmeticResult = a - b;     // Subtraction
    printf("Subtraction: %d - %d = %d\n", a, b, arithmeticResult);

    arithmeticResult = a * b;     // Multiplication
    printf("Multiplication: %d * %d = %d\n", a, b, arithmeticResult);

    arithmeticResult = a / b;     // Division (integer division)
    printf("Division: %d / %d = %d\n", a, b, arithmeticResult);

    arithmeticResult = a % b;     // Modulus (remainder)
    printf("Modulus: %d %% %d = %d\n", a, b, arithmeticResult);

    // Logical operators
    logicalResult = (a > b) && (b > 0);  // Logical AND
    printf("Logical AND (a > b && b > 0): %d\n", logicalResult);

    logicalResult = (a < b) || (b > 0);  // Logical OR
    printf("Logical OR (a < b || b > 0): %d\n", logicalResult);

    logicalResult = !(a == b);           // Logical NOT
    printf("Logical NOT (!(a == b)): %d\n", logicalResult);

    // Bitwise operators
    bitwiseResult = a & b;               // Bitwise AND
    printf("Bitwise AND: %d & %d = %d\n", a, b, bitwiseResult);

    bitwiseResult = a | b;               // Bitwise OR
    printf("Bitwise OR: %d | %d = %d\n", a, b, bitwiseResult);

    bitwiseResult = a ^ b;               // Bitwise XOR
    printf("Bitwise XOR: %d ^ %d = %d\n", a, b, bitwiseResult);

    bitwiseResult = ~a;                  // Bitwise NOT
    printf("Bitwise NOT: ~%d = %d\n", a, bitwiseResult);

    bitwiseResult = a << 1;              // Left shift
    printf("Left Shift: %d << 1 = %d\n", a, bitwiseResult); bitwiseResult = a >> 1;              // Right shift
    printf("Right Shift: %d >> 1 = %d\n", a, bitwiseResult);

    return 0;
}

Explanation of Operators and Expressions

Arithmetic Operators

These operators perform mathematical operations:

Addition (+): Adds two operands (a + b).
Subtraction (-): Subtracts one operand from another (a - b).
Multiplication (*): Multiplies two operands (a * b).
Division (/): Divides one operand by another and gives the quotient (a / b). In integer division, the result is an integer.
Modulus (%): Returns the remainder of division (a % b).

Logical Operators

These operators are used for boolean logic, returning either 1 (true) or 0 (false):

Logical AND (&&): Returns true if both conditions are true (a > b && b > 0).
Logical OR (||): Returns true if at least one condition is true (a < b || b > 0).
Logical NOT (!): Inverts the value of a condition (!(a == b)).

Bitwise Operators

These operators work at the bit level, manipulating individual bits in the integers:

Bitwise AND (&): Sets each bit to 1 if both corresponding bits are 1 (a & b).
Bitwise OR (|): Sets each bit to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits is 1 (a | b).
Bitwise XOR (^): Sets each bit to 1 if only one of the corresponding bits is 1 (a ^ b).
Bitwise NOT (~): Inverts each bit in the operand (~a).
Left Shift (<<): Shifts all bits to the left, adding 0s on the right (a << 1). Each shift left doubles the number.
Right Shift (>>): Shifts all bits to the right, removing bits from the right (a >> 1). Each shift right halves the number.

Summary

This example covers essential operators and their uses:

Arithmetic operators perform basic calculations.
Logical operators evaluate conditions and are used in control flow.
Bitwise operators work directly on bits, enabling fine-grained control over binary data.

The output of this program will display the results of each operation, helping to understand how each operator works.